KUNMING, April 18 (Xinhua) -- Old Chinese towns that attract huge numbers of tourists from across the country are caught between a rock and a hard place in pursuing commercial development while preserving their old-style flavor.
Fenghuang Township in central China's Hunan Province recently angered local businesspeople by introducing a fee collection policy that authorities claim is meant to better protect the town.
According to the new policy, effective last Wednesday, tourists are required to pay 148 yuan (23.5 U.S. dollars) to enter the 300-year-old town renowned for its well-preserved architecture.
Prior to the policy, it was free to enter the town, but tourists were charged 148 yuan for some specific sightseeing spots and 108 yuan for a mountainous scenic spot.
Disgruntled store owners and inn keepers closed their businesses and gathered at a dock on Thursday to protest the policy, which they said would reduce their tourism revenue.
Although the gathering was quickly broken up and order restored, the controversy surrounding the fee collection has been lingering, with some criticizing the local government for seeking economic gain at the cost of public interests.
Cai Long, deputy head of Fenghuang County, however, said the move was mainly aimed at raising money for the protection of the town and curbing the number of tourists.
According to Cai, tourist arrivals to Fenghuang have risen to nearly 7 million annually, about 20 times the county's population. This puts great pressure on the preservation of the town's old-style architecture and long-standing tradition.
Meanwhile, Fenghuang is not alone in collecting exorbitant fees from tourists during the country's tourism craze amid the backdrop of an economic boom, said Yang Fuquan, vice president of the Yunnan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences.
Statistics from the country's tourism authorities show that domestic tourists totalled nearly 3 billion in 2012, a record high that is almost three times the combined population of the United States and European Union.
While some tourists still prefer to visit metropolises like Beijing and Shanghai, others have opted for much quieter places that allow for a brief respite from urban life.
Yang, however, said authorities in these old towns need to do more than just put up a fence and collect fees.
In Yang's hometown, the Old Town of Lijiang, southwest China's Yunnan Province, the local government is trying to strike a balance between preserving the traditional scenery and catering to the demands of tourists.
Unlike Fenghuang, no entry fees are collected in the 800-year-old town covering 3.8 square kilometers.
However, tourists have to pay a maintenance fee when they check in at local inns or hotels for the night, a surcharge that has been more readily accepted.
According to He Hongyang, deputy chief of the ancient town protection bureau of Lijiang City, which administers the old town, about 1.5 billion yuan in such fees has been collected since 2001, while the government has injected 1.8 billion yuan for the protection of the town since 1997, when it was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
In the meantime, the government has been soliciting ideas from the public on how to better protect the town and sustain its development in the long run.
At the advice of Internet users, a patrol team resembling the ancient night watchmen, composed of local people and relocated businesspeople, was set up last year to better ensure public security while adding a touch of old flavor to the bustling town. 
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