Hooked on the scalpel (2)

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The operation is ongoing. (Photo/China Daily)

Many patients in mental health facilities experience intense preoccupations with imagined defects in their appearances, he explains. They often blame career and relationship failures on these physical flaws.

Virtually everyone wants to be good-looking. But most don't let it rule their lives, especially if they have various sources from which to draw confidence and security, he says.

Cosmetic procedure "addicts" are often paranoid about, and preoccupied with, their appearances. They blame their life problems on perceived physical faults, Li says.

The problems often stem from personality and childhood experiences, he points out.

People with paranoid personalities, low self-esteem and feelings of insecurity are more likely to entertain obsessive thoughts and behaviors. That includes cosmetic surgery addicts, Li says.

People who fail to acquire the ability to accept the fact that loss is a part of life as children are less likely to deal with loss maturely as they age. They're likely to seek repeated cosmetic procedures to attempt to preserve youth, he explains.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a subtype of hypochondriasis, or health anxiety - a mental disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with, or anxiety about, serious illness based on misinterpretations of bodily symptoms.

BDD patients are concerned about minimal or imagined appearance flaws, and feel insecure and unhappy.

Some will resort to cosmetic procedures but can't find satisfaction in them, Li says.

BDD often exists alongside other mental disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder, depression and anxiety.

"That's not to say everyone who gets multiple plastic surgeries are addicts or have BDD," Li explains.

"But there's a likelihood they're not psychologically healthy."

Family and friends should be concerned if a person feels unhappy if they don't receive cosmetic surgery and or regrets having them but can't resist the temptation to get more.

Another red flag is impaired social functioning, such as an inability to work or self-imposed isolation, resulting from preoccupations with cosmetic procedures.

"Family and friends should form a support network to help rid them of paranoid and obsessive thoughts and behaviors related with cosmetic procedures," Li says.

"The best thing they can do is persuade the person to seek professional help."

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